ARMENIA to AROD
Contents
ARMENIA
high land, occurs only in Authorized Version, 2 Kings 19:37; in Revised Version, "Ararat," which is the Hebrew word.
A country in western Asia lying between the Caspian and the Black Sea. Here the ark of Noah rested after the Deluge (Gen. 8:4). It is for the most part high table-land, and is watered by the Aras, the Kur, the Euphrates, and the Tigris.
Ararat was properly the name of a part of ancient Armenia. Three provinces of Armenia are mentioned in Jer. 51:27, Ararat, Minni, and Ashchenaz. Some, however, think Minni a contraction for Armenia.
(See ARARAT
A region in Western Asia 2Ki 19:37; Jer 51:27
Assassins of Sennacherib take refuge in Isa 37:38
ARMIESE
Who of the Israelites were subject to service in Nu 1:2, 3; 26:2; 2Ch 25:5 Who were exempt from service in Nu 1:47-50; 2:33; Deut 20:5-9; Jud 7:3
Enumeration of Israel's military forces Nu 1:2, 3; 26:2; 1Sa 11:8; 2Sa 18:1, 2; 24:1-9; 1Ki 20:15; 2Ch 25:5
Levies for Nu 31:4; Jud 20:10
Compulsory service in 1Sa 14:52
See COWARDICE
How officered Commander-in-chief 1Sa 14:50; 2Sa 2:8; 8:16; 17:25; 19:13; 20:23
Generals of corps and divisions Nu 2:3, 31; 1Ch 27:1-22; 2Ch 17:12-19 Captains of thousands Nu 31:14, 48; 1Sa 17:18; 1Ch 28:1; 2Ch 25:5
Captains of hundreds Nu 31:14, 48; 2Ki 11:15; 1Ch 28:1; 2Ch 25:5 Captains of fifties 2Ki 1:9; Isa 3:3
Rendezvous of .Methods employed in effecting .Sounding a trumpet Nu 10:9; Jud 3:27; 6:34; 1Sa 13:3, 4 .Cutting oxen in pieces, and sending the pieces throughout Israel 1Sa 11:7
Refusal to obey the summons, instance of Jud 21:5-11 with Jud 20:1 (ALL)
Tactics
1. Camp and march Nu 2:1
2. March in ranks Ex 13:18 .Margin note) 1Ch 12:33; Joe 2:7 .Move, in attack, in three divisions Jud 7:16; 9:43; 1Sa 11:11; 13:17, 18; 2Sa 18:2; Job 1:17 .Flanks called wings Isa 8:8 .
See STRATEGY
Orders delivered with trumpets 2Sa 2:28; 18:16; 20:1, 22; Ne 4:18, 20 .Stratagems .Ambushes, at Ai Jos 8:2-22 .Ambushes at Shechem Jud 9:25, 34 .Ambushes at Gibeah Jud 20:29-43 .Ambushes at Zemaraim 2Ch 13:13 .By Jehoshaphat 2Ch 20:22 .Reconnoissances .Of Jericho Jos 2:1-24 .Of Ai Jos 7:2, 3 .Of Beth-el Jud 1:23, 24 .Of Laish Jud 18:2-10 .Night attacks Ge 14:15; Jud 7:16-22 .Decoy Jos 8:4-22; Jud 20:29-43; Ne 6 .Unusual winter campaign 2Sa 11:1; 1Ch 20:1 .Delay 2Sa 17:7-14 .Celerity of action .Abraham, in pursuit of Chedorlaomer Ge 14:14-15 .Joshua, against the Amorites Jos 10:6, 9 .The confederated kings Jos 11:7 .David's attack upon the Philistines 2Sa 5:23-25 .Forced marches Isa 5:26, 27 .Sieges Jer 39:1 .Of Jericho Jos 6:1 .Of Samaria 2Ki 6:24-33; 7 .Of Jerusalem 2Ki 25:1-3 ."Engines" used 2Ch 26:15; Jer 6:6 .Margin); Eze 26:9 .Fortifications Jud 9:31; 2Sa 5:9; 2Ki 25:1; 2Ch 11:11; 26:9; Ne 3:8; 4:2; Isa 22:10; 25:12; 29:3; 32:14; Jer 6:6; 32:24; 33:4; 51:53; Eze 4:2; 17:17; 21:22; 26:8; 33:27; Da 11:15, 19; Na 2:1; 3:14 .Standards Nu 2:2, 3, 10, 17, 18, 25, 10:14, 18, 31, 34; 22, 25 .Uniforms of Eze 23:6, 12; Na 2:3 .Standing armies 1Sa 13:2; 1Ch 27; 2Ch 1:14; 17:12-19; 26:11-15 .Religious ceremonies attending .Seeking counsel from God before battle Nu 27:21; Jud 1:1; 1Sa 14:19, 37-41; 23:2-12; 30:8; 2Sa 2:1; 5:19, 23; 1Ki 22:7-28; 2Ki 3:11-19; 1Ch 14:10, 14; Jer 37:7-10 .Sacrifices 1Sa 13:11, 12 .Purifications Nu 31:19-24 .Holiness enjoined De 23:9 .Officers consecrate themselves to God 2Ch 17:16 .Army choir and songs 2Ch 20:21, 22 .Ark taken to battle Jos 6:6, 7, 13; 1Sa 4:4-11 .Divine assistance to .When Aaron and Hur held up Moses' hands Ex 17:11, 12 .In siege of Jericho Jos 6:1 .Sun stands still Jos 10:11-14 .Gideon's victory Jud 7:1 .Samaria's deliverances 1Ki 20; 2Ki 7:1 .Jehoshaphat's victories 2Ki 3; 2Ch 20 .Angel of the Lord smites the Assyrians 2Ki 19:35 .Determine royal succession 2Sa 2:8-10; 1Ki 16:16; 2Ki 11:4-12 .Composed of insurgents 1Sa 22:1, 2 .Mercenaries 2Sa 10:6; 1Ch 19:6, 7; 2Ch 25:5, 6 .Confederated Jos 10:1-5; 11:1-5; 2Sa 10:6, 15, Jud 1:3; 16, 19; 1Ki 15:20; 22:1-4; 2Ki 16:9; 18:19-21; 1Ch 19:6, 7; 2Ch 16:2-9; 18:1, 3; 20:1; 22:5; 28:16, 20; Ps 83:1-12; Isa 7:1-9; 8:9-12; 54:15 .Exhorted before battle Deut 20:1-9 .Battle shouts Jud 7:18; 1Sa 17:20, 52 .Triumphs of, celebrated .With songs Jud 5:1; 1Sa 18:6, 7 .With music 2Ch 20:28 .With dancing 1Sa 18:6, 7 .Rewards for meritorious conduct .The general offers his daughter in marriage Jos 15:16, 17 .The king offers his daughter 1Sa 17:25; 18:17-28 .A promotion 2Sa 23:8-39; 1Ch 11:6, 10-47 .A share the spoils Nu 31:25-47 .Children instructed in military arts 2Sa 1:18 .Insubordination in, punished, Achan Jos 7 .Check roll-call 1Sa 14:17; Nu 31:48, 49 .Panics Isa 30:17 .Among the Midianites Jud 7:21 .Among the Philistines 1Sa 14:15-19 .Among the Syrians 2Ki 7:7-15 .Soldiers destroy each other to escape captivity 1Sa 14:20; 31:4-6 .Champions fight instead of 1Sa 17:8-53; 2Sa 2:14-17; 21:15-22 .Confidence in, vain Ps 33:16; 44:6 .Escort duty performed by Ac 23:23, 2Ki 1:9; 24, 31-33 .Roman army .Captains (R. V. margin, military tribunes) of Ac 22:24-29 .Centurions Mt 8:5, 8; 27:54; Lk 7:2; Ac 10:1, 23:47; 7, 22; 21:32; 22:26; 23:17, 23; 27:1, 24:23; 11, 43; 28:16 .Divided into "bands" (R. V. margin, cohorts,) Ac 10:1; 27:1 .For other than armies of the Israelites and Romans .
See AMALEKITES
See ASSYRIA
See BABYLON
See EGYPTIANS
See MIDIANITES
See PERSIA
See SYRIA
For commissaries of
See COMMISSARY
For weapons used
See ARMOR
See AMBUSH
See CAVALRY
See FORT
See GARRISON
See HERALD
See HOSTAGE
See NAVY
See RECONNOISSANCE
See SIEGE
See SOLDIERS
See SPIES
See STANDARD
See STRATEGY
See TRUCE
See WAR
FIGURATIVE Deut 33:2; 2Ki 6:17; Ps 34:7; 68:17; Re 9:16
ARMONI
inhabitant of a fortress, the first-named of the two sons of Saul and Rizpah. He was delivered up to the Gibeonites by David, and hanged by them (2 Sam. 21:8, 9).
Son of Saul 2Sa 21:8
ARMOUR
is employed in the English Bible to denote military equipment, both offensive and defensive.
(1.) The offensive weapons were different at different periods of history. The "rod of iron" (Ps. 2:9) is supposed to mean a mace or crowbar, an instrument of great power when used by a strong arm.
The "maul" (Prov. 25:18; cognate Hebrew word rendered "battle-axe" in Jer. 51:20, and "slaughter weapon" in Ezek. 9:2) was a war-hammer or martel. The "sword" is the usual translation of hereb, which properly means "poniard." The real sword, as well as the dirk-sword (which was always double-edged), was also used (1 Sam. 17:39; 2 Sam. 20:8; 1 Kings 20:11). The spear was another offensive weapon (Josh. 8:18; 1 Sam. 17:7). The javelin was used by light troops (Num. 25:7, 8; 1 Sam. 13:22).
Saul threw a javelin at David (1 Sam. 19:9, 10), and so virtually absolved him from his allegiance. The bow was, however, the chief weapon of offence. The arrows were carried in a quiver, the bow being always unbent till the moment of action (Gen. 27:3; 48:22; Ps. 18:34). The sling was a favourite weapon of the Benjamites (1 Sam. 17:40; 1 Chr. 12:2. Comp. 1 Sam. 25:29).
(2.) Of the defensive armour a chief place is assigned to the shield or buckler. There were the great shield or target (the tzinnah), for the protection of the whole person (Gen. 15:1; Ps. 47:9; 1 Sam. 17:7; Prov. 30:5), and the buckler (Heb. mageen) or small shield (1 Kings 10:17; Ezek. 26:8). In Ps. 91:4 "buckler" is properly a roundel appropriated to archers or slingers.
The helmet (Ezek. 27:10; 1 Sam. 17:38), a covering for the head; the coat of mail or corselet (1 Sam. 17:5), or habergeon (Neh. 4;16), harness or breat-plate (Rev. 9:9), for the covering of the back and breast and both upper arms (Isa. 59:17; Eph. 6:14).
The cuirass and corselet, composed of leather or quilted cloth, were also for the covering of the body. Greaves, for the covering of the legs, were worn in the time of David (1 Sam. 17:6). Reference is made by Paul (Eph. 6:14-17) to the panoply of a Roman soldier. The shield here is the thureon, a door-like oblong shield above all, i.e., covering the whole person, not the small round shield. There is no armour for the back, but only for the front.
The equipment of a soldier Jer 46:3, 4; Eph 6:14-17
See BREASTPLATE
See BRIGANDINE
See COAT OF MAIL
See GREAVES
See HABERGEON
See HELMET
See SHIELD
FIGURATIVE Ro 13:12; 2Co 6:7; 10:4; Eph 6:11-17; 1Th 5:8
ARMOR-BEARER
an officer selected by kings and generals because of his bravery, not only to bear their armour, but also to stand by them in the time of danger.
They were the adjutants of our modern armies (Judg. 9:54; 1 Sam. 14:7; 16:21; 31:6).
(An attendant who carried a soldier's equipment) -Of Abimelech Jud 9:54
Of Jonathan 1Sa 14:6, 7, 12, 17
Saul 1Sa 16:21; 31:6
Of Goliath 1Sa 17:7 Of Joab 2Sa 18:15
ARMORY
the place in which armour was deposited when not used (Neh. 3:19; Jer. 50:25).
At first each man of the Hebrews had his own arms, because all went to war. There were no arsenals or magazines for arms till the time of David, who had a large collection of arms, which he consecrated to the Lord in his tabernacle (1 Sa,. 21:9; 2 Sam. 8:7-12; 1 Chr. 26:26, 27).
A place for the storage of armor Ne 3:19; So 4:4; Isa 22:8; 39:2
In different parts of the kingdom 1Ki 10:17; 2Ch 11:12
See JERUSALEM
FIGURATIVE Jer 50:25
ARMY
The Israelites marched out of Egypt in military order (Ex. 13:18, "harnessed;" marg., "five in a rank"). Each tribe formed a battalion, with its own banner and leader (Num. 2:2; 10:14).
In war the army was divided into thousands and hundreds under their several captains (Num. 31:14), and also into families (Num. 2:34; 2 Chr. 25:5; 26:12).
From the time of their entering the land of Canaan to the time of the kings, the Israelites made little progress in military affairs, although often engaged in warfare. The kings introduced the custom of maintaining a bodyguard (the Gibborim; i.e., "heroes"), and thus the nucleus of a standing army was formed. Saul had an army of 3,000 select warriors (1 Sam. 13:2; 14:52; 24:2). David also had a band of soldiers around him (1 Sam. 23:13; 25:13).
To this band he afterwards added the Cherethites and the Pelethites (2 Sam. 15:18; 20:7). At first the army consisted only of infantry (1 Sam. 4:10; 15:4), as the use of horses was prohibited (Deut. 17:16); but chariots and horses were afterwards added (2 Sam. 8:4; 1 Kings 10:26, 28, 29; 1 Kings 9:19).
In 1 Kings 9:22 there is given a list of the various gradations of rank held by those who composed the army. The equipment and maintenance of the army were at the public expense (2 Sam. 17:28, 29; 1 Kings 4:27; 10:16, 17; Judg. 20:10). At the Exodus the number of males above twenty years capable of bearing arms was 600,000 (Ex. 12:37). In David's time it mounted to the number of 1,300,000 (2 Sam. 24:9)
ARMS
See ARMOR
See ARROW
See ARTILLERY
See BATTLE-AX
See BATTERING-RAM
See BOW
See CHARIOT
See DAGGER
See DART
See ENGINE
See JAVELIN
See SHIELD
See SLING
See SPEAR
See SWORD
ARNAN
Patronymic of a family descended from David 1Ch 3:21
ARNON
swift, the southern boundary of the territory of Israel beyond Jordan, separating it from the land of Moab (Deut. 3:8, 16).
This river (referred to twenty-four times in the Bible) rises in the mountains of Gilead, and after a circuitous course of about 80 miles through a deep ravine it falls into the Dead Sea nearly opposite Engedi.
The stream is almost dry in summer. It is now called el-Mujeb. The territory of the Amorites extended from the Arnon to the Jabbok.
(A river emptying into the Dead Sea from the east)
Boundary between Moabites and Amorites Nu 21:13, 26; 22:36; Deut 2:24, 36; 3:8, 16; Jos 12:1
Fords of Isa 16:2
Miracles at Nu 21:14
AROD
Son of Gad Nu 26:17