10:42 What does it mean that Jesus will judge both the living and the dead?

This simply teaches that Jesus will be the ultimate judge of everyone who ever lived and every activity they were ever involved in during their earthly life (CP Ac 17:30-31; 1Cor 4:5; 2Cor 5:10; 2Ti 4:1).

The first judgement is for believers, and every believer will have to stand before the Judgement Seat of Christ (CP Ro 14:10-12; 1Cor 3:11-15). The Judgement Seat of Christ for believers is not a judgement for punishment but for rewards, or loss of them.

At the second judgement Jesus will judge the living nations (CP Mt 25:31-46). This judgement takes place at Jesus' second advent, after He defeats Antichrist and his armies at the battle of Armageddon.

This judgement is to determine who of the living nations which survive the Great Tribulation will go into the millennium with Jesus because they extended mercy to the Jews during the Tribulation (CP V34-40 with 41-46).

The sheep in V32 and 33 represents those who will go into the millennium, and the goats those who will be cast down to hell. Finally, Jesus will judge the unrighteous at the Great White Throne Judgement at the end of His millennial - one thousand years - reign (CP Rev 20:4-15; 21:7-8).